![]() ![]() Central authorities defined coverage levels and the amounts set aside for healthcare spending (share of GDP). It was broadly a benefit in the kind system. The system provided universal access to health care. Services were usually free, but patients had to pay out-of-pocket fees for medication, for example. Healthcare services belonged to the state, and the state paid healthcare professionals. This socialized medicine is, of course, the product of a specific political ideology. It is named after Nicolai Semashko, USSRR's health minister from 1918 to 1930. This model, developed during the 1920s in the Soviet Union, spread to tUSSR'sR's satellite states after 1945. In contrast, a decentralized system has been adopted by Mediterranean countries (Greece, Spain, and Portugal). More on how to get an Italian health insurance card ( tessera sanitaria) is on this page in English. It automatically covers all citizens and residents. The National Health Service ( Servizio sanitario Nazionale or SSN, created in 1978) provides universal coverage in Italy. Public authorities fund this system through taxes rather than through social contributions.Ī centralized system is in place in the United Kingdom and Ireland ( NHS for National Health System).ĭenmark, Finland, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and New Zealand have adopted this model. This access to healthcare is not considered contingent on employment but rather an intrinsic part of citizenship. Implemented in 1942 in the United Kingdom following Lord Beveridge's report, this social protection system is based on the principle of universal access to health care, non-dependent on employment. De facto, France, is one of the many countries with universal health care. In France, the CMU, now PUMa (Protection Universelle Maladie - universal coverage), was voted in 1999, implemented in 2000, and modified in 2016. In all countries that have adopted the Bismarck model, protection has been extended to include population categories that were not protected initially (students, independent workers, etc.) It was also the case in Belgium, France, with the decrees of 1945, Luxemburg, and the Netherlands. The German example was used as a blueprint in Austria. The state must decide on the scope of intervention of health insurance funds and take the appropriate measures if a financial imbalance arises. It relies on health insurance funded through social contributions (by employers and employees), managed by companies and employees' representatives. The model is financed through social contributions rather than taxes. Therefore, health insurance and healthcare access are l inked to employment in this system. Otto von Bismarck created this universal healthcare model in Germany and enacted social legislation between 18. Let's discover the four basic models and some mixed schemes. Benefits of universal health care (the World Health Organization) ![]()
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